Power System Operation and Control Premium Lecture Notes (Unit 1, 2 , 3 and 4) - Raj Edition

Power System Operation and Control Premium Lecture Notes prepared by Rajkumar and D.P Arun Kumar Edition. Specially for B.E Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Syllabus is based on Anna University , B.E Electrical and Electronics Engineering R2008 Regulation.

Content :

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONYROL

UNIT-1

Introduction

Load

Types of load

1. Residential load
2. Commercial load
3. Industrial load
4. Agriculture load
5. Municipal load
6. Traditional load

Power balanced equation

Load curve

Daily load curve

Monthly load curve

Yearly load curve

Load duration curve

Significance of load curve

Load factor

Factors

1. Connected load
2. Maximum demand
3. Demand factor
4. Average load

Factors to improve the diversity factor

Types of reverse requirement

1. Installed reserve
2. Spinning reserve
3. Cold reserve
4. Hot reserve

Load forecasting

Classification of load forecasting

Load forecast technique

1. Extra polation
2. Correlation
3. Combination of both 1 and 2

Fundamental requirement of power system operation

System voltage control

Security control

Load categories

1. Static characteristic
2. Dynamic characteristic

Composite load

Induction motor load

Need of voltage regulation

Advantage of inter connection

UNIT-2

REAL POWER FREQUENCY CONTROL

Load frequency control

Primary control

Secondary control

Speed control mechanism

Model of speed governor

Speed governor modelling

1. Steam turbine
2. Hydraulic turbine

Load sharing between two alternators

Problems

Requirements for parallel operation

Condition for proper synchronizing

Steady state analysis

Dynamic analysis

Integral control of single area system

Polynomial equation

Advantages

Dis advantages

Multi area system

Two area system

Speed governor modelling

Different control mode

Problems

Control area

Effect of speed changes on speed governing system

UNIT-3

REACTIVE POWER CONTROL

Excitation

Brush AVR generation

Brushless AVR  generation

Modelling of AVR

Series compensation

Feedback compensation

Effect of generator loading

Method of increasing response

Location of voltages control equipments

Calculation of sending and receiving end voltages

Cables

Transmission line

Analysis of absorbed generated by the transmission line

Reactive power balance and its effect on system voltages

Series capacitor

Draw back of series capacitor

Advantages

Application

Constraints in unit capacity

Spinning reservers

Reserve capacity

Reserve generating capacity

Thermal unit constraint

Unit commitment solution method

Area control error

Forward dynamic programming approach method

UNIT-4

ECONOMIC DISPATCH

Problems

Based load method

Based point method

Inequlity constraints

1. Generators constraints
2. Voltage constraints
3. Running space capacity constraints
4. Transfer tap setting
5. Transmission line constraints
6. Network security
7. Input curve of the generating unit
8. Heat rate curve

Increment heat rate

Generating unit efficiency

Incremental efficiency

Full energy input

Cost function

Economic operation

Equality constraints

Inequality constraints

Co-ordination equation without loss

Economic dispatch

Analytical solution

Problems

Optimum allocation of generation